Shining Solutions

I hear CFLs will be required by 2012. Is that true?
What should I do if I've already cleaned up a broken CFL, but did not follow EPA's recommended procedures?
How should I clean up a broken compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL)?
How should Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) be disposed? Do they need to be recycled?
What is a CFL?
Can I turn my Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) on and off frequently? I've been told I have to turn it on and leave it on all day.
Can ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs be used with dimmer switches?
I want to replace my incandescent light bulbs. How do I select the best CFL?
If a light fixture is rated for a maximum 75 watts with an incandescent bulb, does that mean I am limited to a Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb (CFL) with the equivalent light output to a 75-watt incandescent? Or, can I use a CFL that is the equivalent to a 100-watt incandescent as long as it uses less than 75 watts of power?
Can Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) be used in recessed cans, outdoor lights, or track lighting?
Can I use Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) in the bathroom?
My CFL burned out before the packaging stated it should. How do I get a refund or replacement? I don't have the original packaging or receipt.
I've noticed some CFLs need a few minutes to warm up, or reach full brightness. Is there a way to determine which warm up fastest?
What's the difference between "long life" incandescent light bulbs and ENERGY STAR qualified Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)?
Does temperature or humidity affect the life of a CFL? For example, would a CFL work in extremely cold temperatures, or extremely wet climates?
Does temperature or humidity affect the life of a CFL? For example, would a CFL work in extremely cold temperatures, or extremely wet climates?
What is a watt? What is a lumen?
I was told that I could not use CFLs in my home because I have "60-degree wiring" (where new homes have 90-degree wiring and CFLs are fine). Is that true?
Is every ENERGY STAR labeled product on your Web site? I've been told a product I bought is ENERGY STAR, but it's not on your list. How up-to-date is your Web site?
Why choose ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs over a non-qualified CFL?
Some ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs have a bluish white hue ("cool") and others seem almost yellow ( "warm" ) in comparison. How can I find consistent colors in lighting?
I have heard that CFLs can overheat and smoke - should I be worried? Why would this happen? Are these bulbs a fire hazard?
Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) produce a hazardous amount of UV light?
Is there ENERGY STAR qualified LED lighting?
What is mercury?
Do CFLs contain mercury?
How do I order ENERGY STAR Publications?
I want to start replacing my "regular" (incandescent) light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). Should I throw away my incandescent bulbs now or wait until they burn out?
Will ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs fit into my existing fixtures?
How much do ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs cost?
What precautions should I take when using CFLs in my home?
What's the difference between an incandescent light bulb and a CFL?
Can CFLs be used in 3-way bulbs?
Can I use my CFL in a totally enclosed fixture?
Can I use a CFL with an electronic control such as an electronic timer, photo sensor, motion sensors, touch lamps, and remote light control?
What is the difference between the spiral CFLs and the CFLs that resemble a traditional lightbulb?
How much energy does it takes to turn on a CFL, compared to leaving it on?
Can CFLs be used horizontally? I heard they could only be used vertically. Is this true and why?
Can I use a CFL with a timer?
Why should people use CFLs?
What's the difference between an ENERGY STAR fixture and a standard fixture (same style/size) using ENERGY STAR CFLs? Is the savings the same if I purchase regular fixtures and use all CFLs?
Why use Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) in the winter if they don't help heat your home?
Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) cause electromagnetic interference?
Are there any Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) manufactured in the US?
Is any mercury released when a CFL burns out? I had a lamp burn out and noticed a bad smell - was that mercury?
Do compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) use less energy than incandescent bulbs when the energy required to make the bulbs is also considered?
Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) produce a hazardous amount of UV light?
Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) cause electromagnetic interference?
Do compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) use less energy than incandescent bulbs when the energy required to make the bulbs is also considered?
Do CFLs contain mercury?
Can I use my CFL in a totally enclosed fixture?
Can I use Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) in the bathroom?
I was told that I could not use CFLs in my home because I have "60-degree wiring" (where new homes have 90-degree wiring and CFLs are fine). Is that true?
Can I use a CFL with an electronic control such as an electronic timer, photo sensor, motion sensors, touch lamps, and remote light control?
Can I use a CFL with a timer?
Can I use a CFL that is not specifically designed to work in a dimmable light fixture, in a dimmable fixture as long as I don't use the dimmable feature?
Can I turn my Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) on and off frequently? I've been told I have to turn it on and leave it on all day.
Can ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs be used with dimmer switches?
Can Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) be used in recessed cans, outdoor lights, or track lighting?
I have heard that CFLs can overheat and smoke - should I be worried? Why would this happen? Are these bulbs a fire hazard?
Can CFLs be used in 3-way bulbs?
Can CFLs be used horizontally? I heard they could only be used vertically. Is this true and why?

I hear CFLs will be required by 2012. Is that true?
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (the "Energy Bill"), signed by the President on December 18, 2007 requires all light bulbs use 30% less energy than today's incandescent bulbs by 2012 to 2014. The phase-out will start with 100-watt bulbs in January 2012 and end with 40-watt bulbs in January 2014. By 2020, a Tier 2 would become effective which requires all bulbs to be at least 70% more efficient (effectively equal to today's CFLs).

It's not entirely correct to say "CFLs will be required" or "incandescents will be phased out" because the standards set by the bill are technology neutral, and by 2012, a next generation of incandescent bulbs could satisfy the 30% increased efficiency. There are also other lighting technologies, such as halogen and LEDs that will be able to meet the new requirements and are expected to both increase in performance and drop in cost over the next few years.

Lighting is approximately 20% of the average household's energy bill. NRDC estimates this law could cut our nation's electric bill by more than $10 billion a year.

There are many types of incandescent bulbs that are exempt from this law:

any kind of specialty light (ie. bulb in refrigerator)
reflector bulbs
3-way bulbs
candelabras
globes
shatter resistant
vibration service
rough service
colored bulbs (i.e. "party bulbs")
bug lights
plant lights

The law applies to the sale of bulbs, not the use of existing stock of bulbs.

What should I do if I've already cleaned up a broken CFL, but did not follow EPA's recommended procedures?
Don't panic, CFLs contain a very, very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing – an average of 4 milligrams. By comparison, older thermometers contain about 500 milligrams of mercury.

If the CFL broke recently, review our clean up guidelines to see if there are any reasonable actions that you could take today. For example, if you vacuumed up the debris and you haven't yet changed and disposed of your vacuum bag, then do that.

EPA's clean up guidelines are conservative, because they are based on the few scientific studies available to date. These studies are based on chronic (long-term) exposure to mercury vapors (exposure to mercury on a regular basis in your job). EPA plans to conduct a study to quantify the exposure levels from a broken CFL in the home and we will update our clean up guidelines as more information becomes available.

If you are still concerned about your exposure to mercury, you should consult your physician.

How should I clean up a broken compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL)?
Because CFLs contain a small amount of mercury, EPA recommends the following clean-up and disposal guidelines:

Before Clean-up: Ventilate the Room
- Have people and pets leave the room, and don't let anyone walk through the breakage area on their way out.
- Open a window and leave the room for 15 minutes or more.
- Shut off the central forced-air heating/air conditioning system, if you have one.
Clean-Up Steps for Hard Surfaces
- Carefully scoop up glass fragments and powder using stiff paper or cardboard and place them in a glass jar with metal lid (such as a canning jar) or in a sealed plastic bag.
- Use sticky tape, such as duct tape, to pick up any remaining small glass fragments and powder.
- Wipe the area clean with damp paper towels or disposable wet wipes and place them in the glass jar or plastic bag.
- Do not use a vacuum or broom to clean up the broken bulb on hard surfaces.
Clean-up Steps for Carpeting or Rug:
- Carefully pick up glass fragments and place them in a glass jar with metal lid (such as a canning jar) or in a sealed plastic bag.
- Use sticky tape, such as duct tape, to pick up any remaining small glass fragments and powder.
- If vacuuming is needed after all visible materials are removed, vacuum the area where the bulb was broken.
- Remove the vacuum bag (or empty and wipe the canister), and put the bag or vacuum debris in a sealed plastic bag.
Clean-up Steps for Clothing, Bedding, etc.:
- If clothing or bedding materials come in direct contact with broken glass or mercury-containing powder from inside the bulb that may stick to the fabric, the clothing or bedding should be discarded. Do not wash such clothing or bedding because mercury fragments in the clothing may contaminate the machine and/or pollute sewage.
- You can, however, wash clothing or other materials that have been exposed to the mercury vapor from a broken CFL, such as the clothing you happened to be wearing when you cleaned up the broken CFL, as long as that clothing has not come into direct contact with the materials from the broken bulb.
- If shoes come into direct contact with broken glass or mercury-containing powder from the bulb, wipe them off with damp paper towels or disposable wet wipes. Place the towels or wipes in a glass jar or plastic bag for disposal.
Disposal of Clean-up Materials
- Immediately place all cleanup materials outdoors in a trash container or protected area for the next normal trash pickup.
- Wash your hands after disposing of the jars or plastic bags containing clean-up materials.
- Check with your local or state government about disposal requirements in your specific area. Some states prohibit such trash disposal and require that broken and unbroken mercury-containing bulbs be taken to a local recycling center.
Future Cleaning of Carpeting or Rug: Ventilate the Room During and After Vacuuming
- The next several times you vacuum, shut off the central forced-air heating/air conditioning system and open a window prior to vacuuming.
- Keep the central heating/air conditioning system shut off and the window open for at least 15 minutes after vacuuming is completed.

How should Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) be disposed? Do they need to be recycled?
Because CFLs contain a small amount of mercury, EPA recommends that consumers take advantage of available local recycling options for CFLs. EPA is working with CFL manufacturers and major U.S. retailers to expand recycling and disposal options. Consumers can contact their local municipal solid waste agency directly, or go to epa.gov/bulbrecycling or www.earth911.org to identify local recycling options. The Home Depot and IKEA stores take back used, unbroken CFLs for free. Bring the CFLs to the returns desk. If your state or local environmental regulatory agency permits you to put used or broken CFLs in the garbage, seal the bulb in two plastic bags and put it into the outside trash, or other protected outside location, for the next normal trash collection. Never send a fluorescent light bulb or any other mercury-containing product to an incinerator.

ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs have a 2 year warranty. Here's what to do if your bulb has failed within the warranty period.

What is a CFL?
CFL stands for compact fluorescent lamp, and it is a small fluorescent light bulb that uses 75% less energy than a traditional incandescent bulb and can be screwed into a regular light socket. Don't let the fact that it is fluorescent turn you off! ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs must pass extensive testing to ensure they produce only the highest quality light. Qualified bulbs labeled "warm white" or "soft white" produce light like typical incandescent light bulbs. CFLs that have a cooler color (similar to bright white incandescent bulbs) are usually labeled "bright white" or "daylight" on the product packaging. More on choosing the right CFL color for you.

Can I turn my Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) on and off frequently? I've been told I have to turn it on and leave it on all day.
Turning a CFL on and off frequently can shorten its life. To take full advantage of the energy savings and long life of ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs, it is best to use them in light fixtures you use the most and are on for at least 15 minutes at a time. Good locations include outdoor light fixtures, indoor fixtures in the living room, family room, kitchen, bedroom, recreation room, etc. This is not to say you should leave your lights on all day if you use ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs. It is still a good habit to turn the lights off when you leave the room for an extended period of time. You may also have heard that CFLs use a lot of energy when turning on and off. While there is a brief surge in energy use when a CFL is turned on, with today's starting technology, that surge usually lasts about a tenth of a second and consumes about as much energy as five seconds of normal operation. So, even when turned on and off frequently, a CFL uses less energy than its incandescent equivalent. But because turning a CFL on and off more frequently can shorten its life and CFLs are more expensive than incandescents, we recommend consumers use CFLs in applications where they are on for at least fifteen minutes.

Can ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs be used with dimmer switches?
The short answer is: yes, certain ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are made to work on dimmers. Be sure to check the fine print on the back of the packaging for the proper applications to see if there are any restrictions on the product's use. Dimming an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL that is not designed to work with a dimmer switch can shorten its life significantly. To find a list of dimmable CFLs, visit the ENERGY STAR CFL Advance Search and search on "Dimmable CFL." Your local hardware store may not stock a wide variety of dimmable CFLs, so if you are looking for a specific wattage or bulb type, you may want to try to purchase it online. The ENERGY STAR Store Locator lists local and online retailers who sell CFLs. The longer answer is: CFL ballasts are designed for a specific input voltage and are not designed to handle changes in input voltage, and imposing them can cause the circuitry to malfunction or not be able to effectively light the lamp or keep the current through the lamp well regulated. This can significantly shorten the lifespan of the product.

Newer dimmers are actually semiconductor devices that turn the switch on and off very rapidly - 120 times per second in normal designs. Because CFLs have a finite start-up time, and because frequent switching shortens bulb lifetime, these switches prevent the CFL from working optimally, and cause it to burn out quickly.

Manufacturers compensate for these problems by designing the power electronics within the ballast to deal with these issues. This requires more complicated and more expensive parts. Alternatively, you can design a special dimming switch for CFLs that put those power electronics before the switch rather than after it. This is more expensive, however, and requires a bigger retrofit.

Even with this "fix" there are expectations for dimmable products that need to be addressed. First, dimmers can dim an incandescent from 100%-0% of the total light output smoothly and continuously. Even for those who have the appropriate power electronics, CFLs are not able to dim to 0%. Most dimmable CFLs can only dim to somewhere between 10 and 20% of initial light output. Second, as incandescent bulbs dim, the color of the bulbs gets "warmer," that is, the correlated color temperature drops. As CFLs dim, their color temperature remains constant. Because of this phenomenon (known as "amber shift"), many consumers who do use dimmable CFLs do not get the ambiance they are hoping for.

If you have additional questions or concerns about your ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, please e-mail us at cfl@energystar.gov.

I want to replace my incandescent light bulbs. How do I select the best CFL?
Finding an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL that will put out the same amount of light as your current incandescent bulb is easy. Manufacturers include product equivalency information on the packaging to help consumers choose a bulb that produces enough light. For example, if you are looking for an ENERGY STAR qualified light bulb to replace your 60-watt incandescent, look for words like "Soft White 60", or "60 Watt Replacement" on the packaging.

You can also refer to the chart below to as a guide for selecting the right bulb. A watt is actually a measure of power consumption. When purchasing a light bulb, what you are really after is light output, which is measured in lumens. When you purchase a 60-watt incandescent bulb, you are getting about 800 lumens. By selecting a 13-watt ENERGY STAR qualified CFL instead, you can still get 800 lumens, but it requires much less power.

Energy Use for Incandescent Light Bulbs

(Watts)	Minimum Light Output(Lumens)	Energy Use for common ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs (Watts)
25	250	4 to 9
40	450	9 to 13
60	800	13 to 15
75	1,100	18 to 25
100	1,600	23 to 30
125	2,000	28 to 40
150	2,600	30 to 52

Be sure to look for the ENERGY STAR mark on the product packaging. ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs must pass product quality and performance tests to earn the ENERGY STAR, so CFLs with the ENERGY STAR mark are a notch above the others.

Also, make sure you choose the right light for the right place, and that you read the CFL packaging. For example, for popular recessed ceiling fixtures (also called recessed cans), choose a CFL made for this application. In addition, only a handful of CFLs currently work well on dimmer and remote switches, or come with a 3-way switching feature. Read the packaging to be sure you properly place your new CFL and get the best performance.

If you are having trouble locating lower wattages or specialty bulbs, try an online retailer for a better selection.

If a light fixture is rated for a maximum 75 watts with an incandescent bulb, does that mean I am limited to a Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb (CFL) with the equivalent light output to a 75-watt incandescent? Or, can I use a CFL that is the equivalent to a 100-watt incandescent as long as it uses less than 75 watts of power?
The watt rating on the fixture is a description of how much electricity the internal wiring of the fixture can accept safely. A watt is a measure of power consumption. As long as you do not exceed the recommended wattage for a particular fixture, you can any CFL wattage up to the limit. For example, if a light fixture is rated for 75 watts of power, you can use any light bulb with a rated wattage of 75 or less. While you could use a 75-watt equivalent CFL, if you want more light in this fixture, then you could use a 100-watt equivalent CFL. Most 100-watt equivalent CFLs use between 23 and 30 watts of power, much less than the 75-watt rating of the fixture. That's the great thing about ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs you get more light for less power!

Can Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) be used in recessed cans, outdoor lights, or track lighting?
Yes! Always read the packaging of the CFL to be sure of its proper application, but there are a wide variety of ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs that are designed for use in most fixtures in your home, including recessed cans, outdoor lights, and track lighting. Use our Advanced Product Search to find CFLs with the features you want.

Can I use Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) in the bathroom?
You can use ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs in bathrooms; however, high humidity can shorten the life of CFLs. To avoid moisture problems generally, control humidity in your bathroom by running your ventilating fan during and 15 minutes after showers and baths.

My CFL burned out before the packaging stated it should. How do I get a refund or replacement? I don't have the original packaging or receipt.
If your ENERGY STAR qualified CFL product burns out before it should, look at the CFL base to find the manufacturer's name. Visit the manufacturer's web site to find the customer service contact information to inquire about a refund or replacement. We can also help you track down the manufacturer's contact information. Manufacturers producing ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are required to offer at least a 2-year limited warranty (covering manufacturer defects) for residential applications. In the future, save your receipts to document the date of purchase.

In addition, the ENERGY STAR program monitors all CFL early failures. Please bring product failures to our attention by e-mailing us at cfl@energystar.gov, be sure to include the manufacturer's name and product model number.

I've noticed some CFLs need a few minutes to warm up, or reach full brightness. Is there a way to determine which warm up fastest?
By choosing an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, you are assured that it will turn on in less than a second, and reach at least 80% of full light output within 3 minutes. If the CFL doesn't have the ENERGY STAR, both start time and warm up time could be much longer.

Additionally, many lighting manufacturers offer "instant on" CFLs. Some spiral and mini-spiral products incorporate "instant-on" technology in their products and display this feature prominently on the product packaging. Some covered or reflector CFLs actually do take longer to warm-up, but the tradeoff is that they last longer than regular CFLs. ENERGY STAR qualified CFL products that are covered (like incandescent shaped, reflectors, globes, candles) have a higher operating temperature so they require a compound called amalgam to perform properly. This compound actually increases the bulb life and the light output! The one tradeoff is that these CFLs cannot offer "instant full brightness" The CFL will turn on, but may take up to three minutes to warm-up to reach full light output.

What's the difference between "long life" incandescent light bulbs and ENERGY STAR qualified Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)?
While a "long life" bulb does last longer than a standard incandescent bulb, it still uses a lot of energy and it doesn't last as long as a Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL). A long life 60-watt incandescent bulb usually lasts for 2,000 hours, but an equivalent 13-watt ENERGY STAR qualified CFL will last 6,000 hours or more, and use 75% less energy. ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs help you save money in energy and household costs and you won't have to buy and change bulbs as often.

Does temperature or humidity affect the life of a CFL? For example, would a CFL work in extremely cold temperatures, or extremely wet climates?
Extreme temperatures can affect CFLs. Some CFLs can be used outside in temperatures down to –10 degrees Fahrenheit and up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, though when it is very cold they may take longer to reach full brightness. There are some ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs that are weatherproof and can be used outside where exposed to rain, so check for "weatherproof" models before installing it in your outdoor spot light.

What is a watt? What is a lumen?
A watt is the measure of power consumption, and is the common way incandescent light bulbs are identified

for example 60-watt, 75-watt and 100-watt. When purchasing a light bulb, however, what you really should look for is lumens, which is the measure of light output. For example, when you purchase a 60-watt incandescent bulb, you are getting about 800 lumens. By selecting a 13-watt ENERGY STAR qualified CFL instead, you can still get 800 lumens, but it requires much less power. More - conversion chart.

I was told that I could not use CFLs in my home because I have "60-degree wiring" (where new homes have 90-degree wiring and CFLs are fine). Is that true?
No. In this instance, using CFLs in your house would actually be preferable to using incandescent bulbs. "60-degree C" refers to the temperature (in Celsius) up to which the insulation around your household wiring will protect the wire safely. If the temperature exceeds that, the insulation becomes brittle and there is a danger of electrical shorts and fire. Around light fixtures, this can be an issue since incandescent light bulbs generate a lot of heat. It's also an issue if a circuit in your house is overloaded, since drawing an excess of electricity will cause the wire itself to heat up. Since CFLs are cooler than ordinary light bulbs, and draw less electrical current, they are perfectly fine to use with older 60-degree C wiring.

Warning! If the wiring has already been exposed to excessive temperatures or electrical currents, the insulation is already damaged! While CFLs do nothing to harm the wire if it is still intact, they cannot undo damage that has already occurred. If the insulation around your wiring has already failed, it should be replaced.

Is every ENERGY STAR labeled product on your Web site? I've been told a product I bought is ENERGY STAR, but it's not on your list. How up-to-date is your Web site?
The product lists on the ENERGY STAR Web site (in the upper right column of each product page) are updated regularly as our manufacturer partners introduce new qualifying products to the market. As a result, our lists are generally up-to-date and are fairly comprehensive. Because retailers often have their own system for establishing model numbers, there have been instances where a qualifying product does not appear on the ENERGY STAR Web site because it had been reported under a different model number. If you have questions about the qualification of a particular product, send us an email.

Why choose ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs over a non-qualified CFL?
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are different than other CFLs on the market because they have been tested to meet stringent performance criteria established by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The criteria ensure that all CFLs earning the ENERGY STAR meet minimum lifetime and efficacy requirements, and are within maximum allowed product start and warm-up times. Manufacturers are also required to label the product if the light output is different than that of a soft white incandescent. If you choose a CFL that is not ENERGY STAR qualified, you might not get the performance you were looking for.

Some ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs have a bluish white hue ("cool") and others seem almost yellow ( "warm" ) in comparison. How can I find consistent colors in lighting?
Just like incandescent bulbs are labeled soft white, cool white, bright white, etc., you will find ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs labeled soft white, cool white, or daylight (similar to bright white). When selecting a new CFL, it is a good idea to use the same color type as the incandescent you are replacing. Another way to do this is to look for the scientific color designation known as correlated color temperature (CCT) on the packaging: 2,700K, 3,000K, 5,100K, etc. Lower CCT numbers mean the light will be warmer white (yellowish), while higher numbers mean it will be cooler light (bluish). Matching these numbers gets you consistent color. The majority of CFLs available in the market offer soft or warm white light (2700K–3000K), which is comparable to an incandescent bulb. When changing out multiple bulbs in one room, select ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs with the same color and the same manufacturer to help ensure more consistent light color. More information on CFL colors.

I have heard that CFLs can overheat and smoke - should I be worried? Why would this happen? Are these bulbs a fire hazard?
Unfortunately, there have been some instances of CFLs smoking or smoldering. While this usually occurs when the product is defective or installed improperly, it is nonetheless a concern to consumers and the government. The latest ENERGY STAR CFL specification (which went into effect December 2, 2008) requires all ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs to incorporate end-of-life requirements and higher safety standards. ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs currently meet UL safety standards, which require the materials to be self-extinguishing. So, although the base or glass tubing may darken, an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL should never catch on fire. CFL manufacturers recommend that you install and remove CFLs by grasping the plastic portions of the base only. If the CFL is screwed into a light socket by twisting the tube rather than the plastic base, it can cause the vacuum seal or glass tubing in the CFL to break. Once certain parts are exposed to oxygen, they are more liable to become defective and/or overheat.

In some cases, when a fluorescent tube reaches it end of useful life, the arc contained in the tube may elevate the temperature of the housing plastic near one end of the tube. This elevated temperature, although it is short lived, may produce some limited smoke and odor. In some cases a flashing arc internal to the fluorescent tube or ballast may occur and in some extreme cases, a deformation, significant distortion, or small breach of the plastic material may happen. Again, the materials and evaluation tests are designed to prevent subsequent safety hazard.

If you have a product that does begin to smoke or smolder, immediately shut off the power to the CFL and, once it has cooled, remove it from the light socket. Then, send us e-mail at cfl@energystar.gov to alert us of this incident. Please include the product manufacturer's name and model information that is included on the CFL base and if possible an electronic photo. Also please tell us how the CFL was used - open or enclosed light fixture; indoors or outdoors; base orientation - up, down or sideways. Then visit the manufacturer's web site to find customer service contact information to inform them of the early failure. Manufacturers producing ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are required to offer at least a 2-year limited warranty (covering manufacturer defects) for residential applications. In some cases, the manufacturer may request the failed product to be shipped to them so they can determine why the smoking happened, so make sure to keep the product until you speak to the manufacturer. The manufacturer will most likely provide a replacement product or a refund.

If you have additional questions or concerns about your ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, please e-mail us at cfl@energystar.gov.

Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) produce a hazardous amount of UV light?
Regular fluorescent light bulbs used in your home and office, including CFLs, do not produce a hazardous amount of ultraviolet light (UV). Ultraviolet light rays are the light wavelengths that can cause sunburn and skin damage. Most light sources, including fluorescent bulbs, emit a small amount of UV light, but the UV light produced by fluorescent light bulbs is far less than the amount produced by natural daylight. The amount of UV given off by regular fluorescent light bulbs used in your home and office are not hazardous. A recent report from E Source indicates a level of UV radiation from CFLs at a range of 50-140 microwatts/lumen. In comparison, this report also sites that some incandescent products have been found to have UV levels exceeding 100 microwatts/ lumen.

UV filters may be available through some manufacturers. Additionally, some manufacturers have low UV bulbs in their product lines, for especially sensitive areas.

Is there ENERGY STAR qualified LED lighting?
Yes, currently there are ENERGY STAR qualified light fixtures and decorative light strings that use light emitting diodes (LEDs).

ENERGY STAR qualified LED lights consume 75% less energy than conventional incandescent lights.

Because the specification for ENERGY STAR qualified LED light fixtures was only recently made effective in late 2008, there are a limited number qualified products available today. We expect this number to grow over the next year.

What is mercury?
Mercury is an element (Hg on the periodic table) found naturally in the environment. Mercury emissions in the air can come from both natural and man-made sources. Utility power plants (mainly coal-fired) are the largest man-made source, because mercury that naturally exists in coal is released into the air when coal is burned to make electricity. The use of energy-efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) reduces power demand, which helps reduce mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. Coal-fired power generation accounts for roughly 40% of the mercury emissions in the U.S.

For more information on all sources of mercury, visit www.epa.gov/mercury.

For more information about CFLs, visit www.energystar.gov/cfls.

How do I order ENERGY STAR Publications?
Go to the ENERGY STAR Publications web page to place an order for brochures, Annual Reports, Fact Sheets, Booklets and more. All publications can also be downloaded.

I want to start replacing my "regular" (incandescent) light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). Should I throw away my incandescent bulbs now or wait until they burn out?

Will ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs fit into my existing fixtures?
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs can replace regular, incandescent bulbs in almost any fixture. They come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes including globe lamps for your bathroom vanity, chandelier bulbs, lamps for recessed downlights (now commonly found in kitchens, hallways, and more), and larger or more compact standard light bulbs.

Check the packaging of the CFL to ensure that it may be used in an entirely enclosed fixture. Additionally, some ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are specifically designed to provide dimming and 3-way functionality

these options will be identified on the products' packaging.

How much do ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs cost?
CFL prices range from $2 to $15 (for specialty bulbs), but save you about $30 or more per bulb in energy savings over their lifetime, more than offsetting their initial cost. We recommend replacing the light bulbs in the fixtures you use most with ENERGY STAR qualified options, whether indoor or outdoor.

To determine the amount of money you can save by replacing CFLs in your home, use our CFL Calculator.

What precautions should I take when using CFLs in my home?
Compact Fluorescent Light bulbs (CFLs) are made of glass and can break if dropped or roughly handled. Be careful when removing the bulb from its packaging, installing it, or replacing it. Always screw and unscrew the lamp by its base (not the glass), and never forcefully twist the CFL into a light socket. Because CFLs contain a small amount of mercury, follow EPA's clean-up recommendations if a CFL breaks in your home . Used CFLs should be disposed of properly.

What's the difference between an incandescent light bulb and a CFL?
Incandescent light bulbs work by heating a tungsten filament, or wire, until it glows. This is what produces the light you see. Unfortunately, 90% of the energy used to generate that light is wasted as heat, making incandescent bulbs a very inefficient way to light your home. CFLs, on the other hand, create a chemical reaction among gasses located inside the glass tube, causing phosphors to illuminate.ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs provide bright, warm light and use 75% less energy, produce 75% less heat, and lasts up to 10 times longer.

Can CFLs be used in 3-way bulbs?
DOE and EPA recommend only using qualified CFLs that are specifically designed for 3-way sockets. In order for an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL to work properly on a 3-way socket fixture, the electrical connections and ballast circuitry must be designed to allow the lamp to light at 3 distinct light levels. Even if you are only using the lamp at the highest level, to ensure optimal product quality we recommend using a 3-way ENERGY STAR qualified CFL. To find a list of them, go to our CFL Advanced Search, and choose "3-way" under "Specialty Products.

Manufacturers are trying to make it easier for consumers by labeling their products with special features or lack there of, on the front of the packaging as well as in the fine print. Please keep in mind that due to the special technology required, three-way bulbs tend to be a bit more expensive than regular CFLs.

Can I use my CFL in a totally enclosed fixture?
Before using a CFL in a totally enclosed fixture, you should consult the product packaging. CFLs that are not designed for totally enclosed fixtures will typically carry a disclaimer that indicates that they are not intended for this type of application. Because totally enclosed fixtures do not allow air to circulate around the lamp, it causes heat to build up, which can lead to performance issues.

Though CFLs do not produce nearly as much heat as incandescents, they are more sensitive to heat, which can effect their performance. Some of the components in a CFL can not withstand high heat, unless specifically engineered to do so. The excess heat that is created in a totally enclosed fixture can cause the light output to be diminished, the bulb to appear to "dim" more quickly than CFLs used in applications that allow airflow, and a shorter bulb lifetime. The most effective way at this time to ensure that the particular product you are interested in purchasing is designed to withstand high-heat applications, is to check the packaging or contact the manufacturer directly.

Can I use a CFL with an electronic control such as an electronic timer, photo sensor, motion sensors, touch lamps, and remote light control?
Most electronic controls such as electronic timers, photo sensors, motion sensors, touch lamps, and remote light controls are designed to work with the simple technology of an incandescent rather than the complex circuitry of a CFL. Electronic controls draw a small amount of electricity to operate that would concurrently run a small amount of electricity through the CFL ballast, placing stress on the electronics. Since CFL ballasts are designed for a specific input voltage and are not designed to handle deviations, imposing them can cause the circuitry to malfunction or not be able to effectively light the lamp or keep the current through the lamp well regulated. The result is that operating CFLs on controls can significantly shorten the lifespan of the product, though it should not pose a fire hazard.

It is possible for electronic controls to be designed to work with fluorescent technology, so check with the manufacturer of the electronic control device for compatibility.

Note that CFLs can be used with mechanical timers (those that do not use electricity to operate) without adversely affecting the performance.

Dimmer switches can also cause problems in CFLs for similar reason. However, there are CFLs specially designed to work on dimmer switches, see FAQ # 2565: Can ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs be used with dimmer switches?

What is the difference between the spiral CFLs and the CFLs that resemble a traditional lightbulb?
There are a handful of differences between the coil or "spiral" CFLs and the CFLs that resemble a traditional lightbulb (A-line shape). The first difference is the amount of light each will produce. Most times, a CFL that looks like an incandescent light bulb is really the "coil" shaped CFL with a plastic or glass cover. This cover will slightly reduce the amount of light that is produced. If you compared a 14W bare spiral CFL and a 14W "incandescent" shaped CFL, the bare product will provide more light for the same wattage. Also, bare CFLs usually have longer lifetimes than covered products.

Second, most bare spiral CFL products will perform like incandescent light bulbs - they will turn on instantly and provide full brightness. Covered CFLs may take slightly longer to reach full brightness

The last difference is the price - covered CFLs generally cost slightly more than bare spiral because of the additional materials required to manufacturer the products.

How much energy does it takes to turn on a CFL, compared to leaving it on?
Even when turned on and off frequently, a CFL uses less energy than its incandescent equivalent. While there is a brief surge in energy use when a CFL is turned on, with today's starting technology, that surge usually lasts about a tenth of a second and consumes about as much energy as five seconds of normal operation.

However, turning a CFL on and off more frequently will also shorten its life. Because of this, and because CFLs are more expensive than incandescents, we generally recommend that consumers use CFLs in applications where they are on for at least fifteen minutes. This is where CFLs have the biggest impact and make the most sense economically. More on ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs.

Can CFLs be used horizontally? I heard they could only be used vertically. Is this true and why?
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs generally can be used both horizontally and vertically. The operating position of a CFL can affect how well the lamp performs, which can affect the product's lumen output. However, while the exact light output may differ slightly between the lumen rating stated on the packaging and the light output based on the installed position, the difference generally is so small that it would be unnoticeable.

ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are tested in both the base-down and base-up positions, which are the two most extreme positions within the range of possible installation options. If there is greater than 5% difference between the base-up and base-down lumen output ratings, manufacturers are required by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to put that disclosure on the packaging. Additionally, the ENERGY STAR CFL Program Requirements allow manufacturers to test products in a horizontal or other alternative position, if it is the position for the CFLs intended use, and subsequent marketing. If a manufacturer wants to market an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL for use in one particular position only, they must state this explicitly on the packaging. For example, if installing a CFL horizontally or base-down would cause a noticeable change in the lumen output or performance, the packaging would be required to state "For use in base-up position only."

Another option is one of the many ENERGY STAR qualified light fixtures which incorporate bulbs specifically designed for the fixture.

Can I use a CFL with a timer?
While CFLs can be used with mechanical timers, electronic or digital timers may cause interference with the electronic ballast, and can adversely affect product performance. Typically, CFLs used on electronic or digital timers will fail far before their rated lifetime. Remember, ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are required to state any incompatibility with controls on the packaging, so be sure to read and follow the manufacturer recommendations.

Why should people use CFLs?
Switching from traditional light bulbs to CFLs is an effective, accessible change every American can make right now to reduce energy use at home and prevent greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change. Lighting accounts for close to 20 percent of the average home's electric bill. Changing to CFLs costs little upfront and provides a quick return on investment.

If every home in America replaced just one incandescent light bulb with an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, it would save enough energy to light more than 3 million homes and prevent greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to those of more than 800,000 cars annually.

What's the difference between an ENERGY STAR fixture and a standard fixture (same style/size) using ENERGY STAR CFLs? Is the savings the same if I purchase regular fixtures and use all CFLs?

Why use Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) in the winter if they don't help heat your home?
While incandescent light bulbs produce both heat and light, it is important to keep in mind they are both an inefficient heat source and an inefficient light source. Incandescent light bulbs use only about 10% of the energy they consume to produce light, and the other 90% is given off as heat, whereas ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs use 75% less energy and last 10 times longer, while producing the same amount of light (lumens) that you are used to receiving from an incandescent product.

Although incandescent light bulbs uses 90% of the energy consumed to produce heat, it is not efficiently producing this heat. First, the filament is in essence a resistance heater, which is far less efficient in terms of total energy consumption than an oil or gas furnace or electric heat pump. Furthermore, light bulbs are not designed to be used for heating and they therefore lack the design to effectively distribute the heat within your living space. By using your primary heat source for heating, and ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs for lighting, you will save energy, money, and limit the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Do Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) cause electromagnetic interference?
Similar to linear fluorescent lighting and other electronics, it is possible for CFLs to cause electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electromagnetic interference is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and ENERGY STAR includes these requirements by reference for CFLs. In addition, ENERGY STAR requires CFLs to use ballasts that operate at greater than 40 kHz, which limits the potential for interference. Finally, ENERGY STAR requires that the product package clearly state any devices that the CFL has potential to interfere with. This information is usually found along with other statements of known incompatibility with controls and application exceptions.

Are there any Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) manufactured in the US?
No, there are not currently any CFLs manufactured in the US.

Is any mercury released when a CFL burns out? I had a lamp burn out and noticed a bad smell - was that mercury?
As long as the glass tube remains intact, no mercury is released from a CFL when it reaches its end of life. In some rare cases, when a fluorescent bulb reaches it end of useful life, the arc contained in the tube may elevate the temperature of the housing plastic near one end of the tube. This elevated temperature, although it is short lived, may produce some limited smoke and odor from the plastic housing or coatings. Although the odor may have a bad smell it is not harmful - it's just the burnt plastic. The smoke does not contain any mercury as long as the glass tube remains intact.

ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are designed to meet UL standards, which require the materials to be self-extinguishing, and it is the nature of fire retardant materials to exhibit some deformation or discoloration when acting in protective mode. Read more about what to do if your CFL smokes.

Do compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) use less energy than incandescent bulbs when the energy required to make the bulbs is also considered?
Yes. CFLs use substantially less energy (and cause fewer emissions of greenhouse gases) than an equivalent incandescent even when the energy necessary to manufacture the bulbs is considered. This is for several reasons: (1) a CFL uses substantially less energy when it is on than an incandescent bulb does, 75 percent less, (2) one CFL will last up to ten times longer than an incandescent, so an appropriate comparison includes 8 or more incandescents for every CFL, and (3) manufacturers tell us it takes much less energy to manufacture a CFL than the energy it will use over its lifetime. ENERGY STAR recognizes CFLs based on the energy used while the bulb is on, helping consumers choose the bulb with lowest overall energy use and green house gas emissions.

Do CFLs contain mercury?
CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing - an average of 4 milligrams - about the amount that would cover the tip of a ballpoint pen. By comparison, older thermometers contain about 500 milligrams of mercury - an amount equal to the mercury in 125 CFLs. Mercury is an essential part of CFLs; it allows the bulb to be an efficient light source. No mercury is released when the bulbs are intact (not broken) or in use.

Most makers of light bulbs have reduced mercury in their fluorescent lighting products. Thanks to technology advances and a commitment from members of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the average mercury content in CFLs has dropped at least 20 percent in the past year. Some manufacturers have even made further reductions, dropping mercury content to 1.4 - 2.5 milligrams per light bulb.

Because CFLs contain mercury, they should be disposed of properly. Follow proper clean-up recommendations if a CFL breaks in your home.

Can I use a CFL that is not specifically designed to work in a dimmable light fixture, in a dimmable fixture as long as I don't use the dimmable feature?
In principle, if you NEVER dim the light, a CFL should work appropriately. However, because of the risk of users dimming the switch even accidentally, this is not something we recommend. Additionally, using a CFL on a dimming switch will likely void the product warranty even if the switch is never dimmed. If you wish to use a CFL on a dimmer, we recommend that you look for bulbs that indicate they are compatible with dimmers on their packaging.

A list of all ENERGY STAR qualified, dimmable CFLs can be found by using our Advanced CFL Product Search. Check the box for "Dimmable CFL" and then click the "Find CFLs" button.

Can I turn my Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) on and off frequently? I've been told I have to turn it on and leave it on all day.
Turning a CFL on and off frequently can shorten its life. To take full advantage of the energy savings and long life of ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs, it is best to use them in light fixtures you use the most and are on for at least 15 minutes at a time. Good locations include outdoor light fixtures, indoor fixtures in the living room, family room, kitchen, bedroom, recreation room, etc. This is not to say you should leave your lights on all day if you use ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs. It is still a good habit to turn the lights off when you leave the room for an extended period of time.

You may also have heard that CFLs use a lot of energy when turning on and off. While there is a brief surge in energy use when a CFL is turned on, with today's starting technology, that surge usually lasts about a tenth of a second and consumes about as much energy as five seconds of normal operation. So, even when turned on and off frequently, a CFL uses less energy than its incandescent equivalent. But because turning a CFL on and off more frequently can shorten its life and CFLs are more expensive than incandescents, we recommend consumers use CFLs in applications where they are on for at least fifteen minutes.

Can ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs be used with dimmer switches?
The short answer is: yes, certain ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs are made to work on dimmers. Be sure to check the fine print on the back of the packaging for the proper applications to see if there are any restrictions on the product's use. Dimming an ENERGY STAR qualified CFL that is not designed to work with a dimmer switch can shorten its life significantly.

To find a list of dimmable CFLs, visit the ENERGY STAR CFL Advance Search and search on "Dimmable CFL." Your local hardware store may not stock a wide variety of dimmable CFLs, so if you are looking for a specific wattage or bulb type, you may want to try to purchase it online. The ENERGY STAR Store Locator lists local and online retailers who sell CFLs.

The longer answer is: CFL ballasts are designed for a specific input voltage and are not designed to handle changes in input voltage, and imposing them can cause the circuitry to malfunction or not be able to effectively light the lamp or keep the current through the lamp well regulated. This can significantly shorten the lifespan of the product.

Newer dimmers are actually semiconductor devices that turn the switch on and off very rapidly - 120 times per second in normal designs. Because CFLs have a finite start-up time, and because frequent switching shortens bulb lifetime, these switches prevent the CFL from working optimally, and cause it to burn out quickly.

Manufacturers compensate for these problems by designing the power electronics within the ballast to deal with these issues. This requires more complicated and more expensive parts. Alternatively, you can design a special dimming switch for CFLs that put those power electronics before the switch rather than after it. This is more expensive, however, and requires a bigger retrofit.

Even with this "fix" there are expectations for dimmable products that need to be addressed. First, dimmers can dim an incandescent from 100%-0% of the total light output smoothly and continuously. Even for those who have the appropriate power electronics, CFLs are not able to dim to 0%. Most dimmable CFLs can only dim to somewhere between 10 and 20% of initial light output. Second, as incandescent bulbs dim, the color of the bulbs gets "warmer," that is, the correlated color temperature drops. As CFLs dim, their color temperature remains constant. Because of this phenomenon (known as "amber shift"), many consumers who do use dimmable CFLs do not get the ambiance they are hoping for.

If you have additional questions or concerns about your ENERGY STAR qualified CFL, please e-mail us at cfl@energystar.gov.